This guide offers an overview of the European Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence on Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights – the prohibition against torture, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment. Understanding the negative obligation on States to not directly engage in prohibited treatment and the positive, procedural and operational obligations to ensure that individuals within a State’s jurisdiction are protected from prohibited treatment is of critical importance. By providing an analysis of the Court’s jurisprudence and case summaries of relevant case-law, this publication hopes to assist in furthering the understanding of Article 3 and aid in the implementation of this Convention right in the Western Balkans region.